Important Scientific Laws and Theories:
1. Archimede's principle -
It states that a body when wholly or partially immersed in a liquid,
experiences an upward thrust which is equal to the weight of the liquid
displaced by it. Thus, the body appears to lose a part of its weight. This loss
in weight is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body.
2. Aufbau principle - It
states that in an unexcited atom, electrons reside in the lowest energy orbitals
available to them.
3. Avogadro's Law - It states
that equal volumes of all gases under similar conditions of temperature and
pressure contain equal number of molecules.
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4. Brownian motion - It is a
zigzag, irregular motion exhibited by small solid particles when suspended in a
liquid or gas due to irregular bombardment by the liquid or gas molecules.
5. Bernoulli's principle -
It states that as the speed of a moving fluid, liquid or gas, increases, the
pressure within the fluid decreases. The aerodynamic lift on the wing of an
aero plane is also explained in part by this principle.
6. Boyles's Law - It states
that temperature remaining constant, volume of a given mass of a gas varies
inversely with the pressure of the gas. Thus,
PV = K (constant), where, P
= Pressure and V = Volume.
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7. Charles's Law - It states
that pressure remaining constant, the volume of a given mass of gas increases
or decreases by 1/273 part of its volume at 0 degreencelsius for each degree
celsius rise or fall of its temperature.
8. Coulomb's Law - It states
that force of attraction or repulsion between two charges is proportional to
the amount of charge on both charges and inversely
proportional to the square
of the distance between them.
9. Heisenberg principle
(uncertainty principle) - It is impossible to determine with accuracy both the
position and the momentum of a particle such as electron simultaneously.
10. Gay-Lussac’s Law of
combining volumes - Gases react together in volumes which bear simple whole
number ratios to one another and also to the volumes of the products, if
gaseous -all the volumes being measured under similar conditions of temperature
and pressure.
11. Graham’s Law of
Diffusion - It states that the rates of diffusion of gases are inversely
proportional to the square roots of their densities under similar conditions of
temperature and pressure.
12. Kepler's Law - Each
planet revolves round the Sun in an elliptical orbit with the Sun at one focus.
The straight line joining the Sun and the planet sweeps out equal areas in
equal intervals. The squares of the orbital periods of planets are proportional
to the cubes of their mean distance from the Sun.
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13. Law of Flotation - For
a body to float, the following conditions must be fulfilled:
(1) The weight of the body
should be equal to the weight of the water displaced.
(2) The centre of gravity of
the body and that of the liquid displaced should be in the same straight line.
14. Law of conservation of
energy - It states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can
be transformed from one form to another. Since energy cannot be created or
destroyed, the amount of energy present in the universe is always remain constant.
15. Newton's First Law of
Motion - An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends
to stay in motion, with the same direction and speed in a straight line unless
acted upon by some external force.
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16. Newton's Second Law of
Motion - The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to
the force applied and takes place in the direction in which the force acts.
17. Newton's Third Law of
Motion -
To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
18. Newton's Law of
Gravitation - All particles of matter mutually attract each other by a force
directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them
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